Prediction of Snow Avalanches by Using Surface Layer Heat Fluxes

Mechanics of snow avalanches

The main problems of mechanics of snow avalanches are those of: (1) predicting avalanches, (2) avalanche motion, (3) the action of an avalanche upon obstacles, (4) the air wave, (5) the slow moving snow cover and its interaction with protective constructions and (6) the problem of artificial release of avalanches. This paper surveys the modern state of scientific knowledge about the nature of p...

Snow Avalanches, Ice Avalanches and Glacier Surges

A Modified Force-restore Approach to Modeling Snow-surface Heat Fluxes

Accurate modeling of the energy balance of a snowpack requires good estimates of the snow surface temperature. The snow surface temperature allows a balance between atmospheric heat fluxes and the conductive flux into the snowpack. While the dependency of atmospheric fluxes on surface temperature is reasonably well understood and parameterized, conduction of heat from the snow surface into the ...

Opening angle of loose-snow avalanches

Marine cellular cloudiness and surface heat fluxes

Introduction Conclusions References